Allergies are among the most common chronic conditions in the UAE. The unique combination of desert climate, sandstorms, air conditioning, and construction dust creates a challenging environment for allergy sufferers. Understanding your triggers and how to manage them can significantly improve your quality of life.
What Is an Allergy?
An allergy occurs when your immune system overreacts to a substance (allergen) that is usually harmless. The body produces immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies, which trigger the release of histamine and other chemicals, causing allergy symptoms.
Common Allergens in the UAE
Dust and Sand
- Fine desert dust and sand particles are the most prevalent allergens in the UAE
- Sandstorms (particularly between April and October) significantly increase airborne particle levels
- Indoor dust accumulates quickly, even with air conditioning
Dust Mites
- Microscopic creatures that thrive in warm, humid environments
- Found in bedding, carpets, upholstered furniture, and soft toys
- One of the most common triggers for allergic rhinitis and asthma in the UAE
Mould
- Grows in damp areas, bathrooms, and HVAC systems
- Air conditioning units that are not properly maintained can harbour mould
- More common during humid months
Pet Dander
- Proteins found in the skin, saliva, and urine of cats and dogs
- Can remain airborne for hours and cling to surfaces
Pollen
- While less of a factor than in temperate climates, some plants in the UAE produce pollen that triggers allergies
- Date palms, Prosopis (mesquite), and grasses are notable sources
Foods
- Common food allergens: milk, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, wheat, soy, fish, shellfish
- Food allergy prevalence is increasing worldwide
Allergy Symptoms
Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever)
- Sneezing
- Runny or blocked nose
- Itchy nose, eyes, or throat
- Watery eyes
- Headache
- Post-nasal drip
Allergic Asthma
- Wheezing
- Coughing
- Chest tightness
- Shortness of breath
Skin Allergies (Eczema, Urticaria)
- Itchy, red, dry patches (eczema)
- Raised, itchy welts (hives/urticaria)
- Swelling (angioedema)
Severe Allergic Reaction (Anaphylaxis)
A medical emergency. Symptoms include:
- Swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat
- Difficulty breathing or swallowing
- Dizziness, lightheadedness, or loss of consciousness
- Rapid pulse
- Call 998 immediately if anaphylaxis is suspected
Diagnosis
Your doctor may recommend:
- Skin prick testing: Small amounts of allergens are placed on the skin to identify reactions
- Blood tests (specific IgE): Measure antibodies to specific allergens
- Elimination diets: For suspected food allergies (under medical supervision)
- Spirometry: To assess airways if allergic asthma is suspected
Management
Environmental Control
- Use air purifiers with HEPA filters at home
- Encase mattresses and pillows in dust-mite-proof covers
- Wash bedding weekly at 60°C or higher
- Vacuum regularly with a HEPA-filter vacuum
- Maintain air conditioning units: Regular cleaning and filter replacement
- Keep windows closed during sandstorms and high-pollen days
- Shower and change clothes after outdoor exposure during dust events
- Control indoor humidity (maintain 30–50%) to discourage mould and dust mites
Medications
NICE and ARIA (Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma) guidelines recommend a stepwise approach:
- 1Antihistamines: Non-drowsy (cetirizine, loratadine, fexofenadine) are first-line for allergic rhinitis
- 2Intranasal corticosteroids: (fluticasone, mometasone) - the most effective treatment for moderate-to-severe allergic rhinitis
- 3Eye drops: Antihistamine or mast cell stabiliser drops for allergic conjunctivitis
- 4Decongestants: Short-term use only (maximum 7 days to avoid rebound congestion)
- 5Leukotriene receptor antagonists: (montelukast) - may be added for allergic rhinitis with asthma
Immunotherapy (Desensitisation)
For patients with severe allergies not adequately controlled by medications:
- Involves gradually exposing the immune system to increasing amounts of the allergen
- Available as injections (subcutaneous) or sublingual tablets/drops
- Treatment typically lasts 3–5 years
- NICE recommends immunotherapy for people with persistent allergic rhinitis that does not respond to standard treatment
When to See a Doctor
- Allergy symptoms that affect your daily life, sleep, or work
- Over-the-counter medications are not providing relief
- You experience wheezing or difficulty breathing
- Symptoms are getting worse over time
- You have had a severe allergic reaction
- You want allergy testing to identify your triggers
This article is for informational purposes only and does not replace professional medical advice. Always consult your doctor for personalised guidance.